In the US, Efferalgan is a member of the drug class miscellaneous analgesics and is used to treat Fever, Muscle Pain, Pain and Sciatica.
Ingredient matches for Efferalgan
Ushbu sayt o'zbek xotin-qizlariga bugungi kunda vafo va sadoqat ramzi bo'lmish nafis kechinmalar kuychisi, kuchli sabr, matonat, iroda sohibasi bo'lmish o'zbek shoirasi Zulfiyaxonim (Isroilova)ga bag'ishlanadi. Shoirlar ham daryo yanglig' jilg'alardan hosil bo'ladilar. Ba'zi bir jilg'alar qaqroq dashtlarga yetmay, yo'q bo'lib ketadi.
Ascorbic Acid
Ascorbic Acid is reported as an ingredient of Efferalgan in the following countries:
- Pakistan
Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine citrate (a derivative of Diphenhydramine) is reported as an ingredient of Efferalgan in the following countries:
- Lithuania
Acetaminophen
Paracetamol is reported as an ingredient of Efferalgan in the following countries:
- Croatia (Hrvatska)
- Egypt
- Estonia
- France
- Georgia
- Italy
- Lebanon
- Lithuania
- Macedonia
- Pakistan
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Serbia
- Spain
- Tunisia
Important Notice: The Drugs.com international database is in BETA release. This means it is still under development and may contain inaccuracies. It is not intended as a substitute for the expertise and judgement of your physician, pharmacist or other healthcare professional. It should not be construed to indicate that the use of any medication in any country is safe, appropriate or effective for you. Consult with your healthcare professional before taking any medication.
Further information
Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.
Aluminium can form an amalgam in solution with mercury. Aluminium amalgam may be prepared by either grinding aluminium pellets or wire in mercury, or by allowing aluminium wire to react with a solution of mercury(II) chloride in water.[1][2]
This amalgam is used as a chemical reagent to reduce compounds, such as the reduction of imines to amines. The aluminium is the ultimate electron donor, and the mercury serves to mediate the electron transfer.
The reaction itself and the waste from it contain mercury, so special safety precautions and disposal methods are needed. As an environmentally friendlier alternative, hydrides or other reducing agents can often be used to accomplish the same synthetic result. Another environmentally friendly alternative is an alloy of aluminium and gallium which similarly renders the aluminium more reactive by preventing it from forming an oxide layer.[3]
Reactivity[edit]
Aluminium in air is ordinarily protected by a molecule-thin layer of its own oxide. This aluminium oxide layer serves as a protective barrier to the underlying aluminium itself and prevents chemical reactions with the metal. Mercury coming into contact with it does no harm. However, if any elemental aluminium is exposed (even by a recent scratch), the mercury may combine with it to form the amalgam. This process can continue well beyond the immediately exposed metal surface, potentially reacting with a large part of the bulk aluminium before it finally ends.[4]
![Sherlar Sherlar](http://i.imgur.com/xCBnULT.jpg)
The net result is similar to the mercury electrodes often used in electrochemistry, except instead of providing electrons from an electrical supply they are provided by the aluminium which becomes oxidized in the process. The reaction that occurs at the surface of the amalgam may actually be a hydrogenation rather than a reduction.
The presence of water in the solution is reportedly necessary; the electron rich amalgam will oxidize aluminium and reduce H+ from water, creating aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) and hydrogen gas (H2).[contradictory] The electrons from the aluminium reduce mercuric Hg2+ ion[clarification needed] to metallic mercury. The metallic mercury can then form an amalgam with the exposed aluminium metal. The amalgamated aluminium then is oxidized by water, converting the aluminium to aluminium hydroxide and releasing free metallic mercury. The generated mercury then cycles through these last two steps until the aluminium metal supply is exhausted.[4]
![Zulfiyaxonim Atalgan Sherlar Zulfiyaxonim Atalgan Sherlar](http://muxlis.ucoz.com/gen.jpg)
- 2 Al + 3 Hg2+ + 6 H2O → 2 Al(OH)3 + 6 H+ + 3 Hg
- Hg + Al → Hg·Al
- 2 Hg·Al + 6 H2O → 2 Al(OH)3 + 2 Hg + 3 H2
Due to the reactivity of aluminium amalgam, restrictions are placed on the use and handling of mercury in proximity with aluminium. In particular, large amounts of mercury are not allowed aboard aircraft under most circumstances because of the risk of it forming amalgam with exposed aluminium parts in the aircraft.[5] Even the transportation and packaging of mercury-containing thermometers and barometers is severely restricted.[6] Accidental mercury spills in aircraft do sometimes result in insurance write-offs.[7]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Ward Chesworth (1971). 'Use of aluminum-amalgam in mineral synthesis at low temperatures and 1 atmosphere total pressure'(PDF). Clays and Clay Minerals. 19 (5): 337–339. Bibcode:1971CCM....19..337C. doi:10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190510.
- ^Lourdes Muñoz; Esmeralda Rosa; Ma Pilar Bosch; Angel Guerrero (2005). 'A new, practical and efficient sulfone-mediated synthesis of trifluoromethyl ketones from alkyl and alkenyl bromides'. Tetrahedron Letters. 46 (19): 3311–3313. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.03.106.
- ^'New process generates hydrogen from aluminum alloy to run engines, fuel cells'. news.uns.purdue.edu.
- ^ abBessone, J (2006). 'The activation of aluminium by mercury ions in non-aggressive media'. Corrosion Science. 48 (12): 4243–4256. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2006.03.013.
- ^'49 C.F.R. 175.10'. gpoaccess.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
- ^See for example United States Department of Transportation regulation 49 CFR 175.10(a)(13)
- ^'List of incidents where aircraft have had mercury spills in them'. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-17.